Refractive errors are highly prevalent worldwide, affecting billions of people. These vision problems result from the eye’s inability to properly focus incoming light.
These conditions result from abnormalities in the shape of the eye, which affect the way light is focused on the retina.
Difficulty in focusing light on the retina, resulting in blurred vision
Corrective lenses like glasses or contact lenses can effectively address these issues.
Refractive Errors | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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Myopia | Eye-Ball being too long or oval-shaped rather than round | Clear near vision and blurred distant vision, people generally squeeze their eyes to see the distant object | Often involves corrective lenses like glasses or contact lenses. Refractive surgery such as LASIK can reduce the reliance on corrective lenses. |
Hyperopia | When the eyeball grows too short from front to back | Clear distance vision but discomfort with eye strain for near work. | Often involves corrective lenses like glasses or contact lenses. Refractive surgery such as LASIK can reduce the reliance on corrective lenses. |
Astigmatism | Irregular shaped cornea | Blurred vision for distance and near. Generally have eyestrain and headache. | Commonly corrected with prescription eyeglasses or toric contact / Ienses that compensate for the irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. Refractive surgery and IOLs may also be an option in some cases. |
Presbyopia | Lens begin to lost its elasticity/accommodating capacity. | Difficulty in focusing near object and clear distant vision. Symptoms begins at the age of forty. | Corrected by means of bifocal/progressive lenses for near and intermediate vision. |
What is a Cataract? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A cataract is a progressive clouding of the natural lens which blocks the light passing to the retina. Surgical removal and replacement with an artificial lens are standard treatments. |
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| Surgical removal and replacement of the natural lens with artificial lens. |
What is Glaucoma? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure. It can damage the optic nerve, If left untreated, it may lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness. |
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| Treatment depends on specific type of glaucoma, severity of glaucoma and how it responds to treatment. Treatment Options: Eyedrops Oral medication Laser treatment like Nd- YAG laser Iridotomy and Trabeculoplasty |
Open angle glaucoma |
| Closed angle glaucoma |
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What is a Retinal detachment | Risk Factor | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A serious eye condition where the retina peels away from its normal position, leading to sudden vision loss. |
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What is Diabetic retinopathy? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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Caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels in people with diabetes that damages the blood vessels in the retina, potentially leading to vision loss. |
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| Early detection and management are crucial to prevent vision impairment |
What is a corneal ulcer? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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An open sore on the cornea, often caused by infection, injury, or underlying eye conditions. |
Exposure keratitis (due to inadequate eyelid closure), Severe dry eyes, Severe allergic eye disease Various inflammatory disorders that may be purely ocular or part of a systemic vasculitis (inflammation). Poor maintenance or over usage of contact lenses than the prescribed time. |
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What is Ptosis? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid, often caused by muscle weakness or nerve damage. It can affect vision and may require surgical correction | Congenital (from birth). The condition, which generally appears in old age but can also result from diabetes, brain tumor, stroke, or accident, can affect one or both eyelids and worsen or improve over time. |
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Neurogenic ptosis | Myogenic ptosis | Aponeurotic ptosis | Mechanical ptosis |
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Caused by nerve palsy such as third nerve palsy (which supply the nerve impulses to the upper eyelid) or misdirection of the nerve. | Caused by myopathy of the levator muscle (improper functioning of the eyelid elevating muscle). | Caused by defect in the levator aponeurosis (defect in the muscle to bone connection). | Caused by swelling or scarring ( any prominent swelling seen in the upper eyelid). |
What is Strabismus/Squint | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A vision condition where the eyes do not align properly. It can affect depth perception and may require treatment like eye exercises or surgery. |
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| The main goal is to restore the binocular vision. Glasses, if there are any underlying refractive errors. Prims correction if required. Surgery based on the type and magnitude of the squint |
What is Amblyopia? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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Amblyopia, often called “lazy eye,” is a vision disorder in which one eye does not develop normal visual acuity. It may result from strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors |
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| Treating the underlying cause.
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What is low vision? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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A bilateral impairment to vision that impairs the functioning of the patient and cannot be corrected with medical, surgical, therapy, conventional eyewear or contact lenses. It is a loss of sharpness or acuity but may present as a loss of field of vision, light sensitivity, distorted vision (disfigured objects) or loss of contrast. |
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What is Uveitis? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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Uveitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It can cause eye pain, redness, and potential vision impairment, requiring prompt medical attention. |
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What is Dry Eyes? | Causes | Symptoms | Treatments |
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Dry eyes occur when the eyes don’t produce enough tears or the produced tears are of poor quality, causing discomfort, redness, irritation, and blurred vision. Artificial tears and lifestyle adjustments provide relief |
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Sudden blurring of vision or sudden loss of vision
Peripheral visual loss
When you squeeze or blink your eyes to see an object
Double vision
Severe pain in the eyes
Flashes of light or floaters in front of the eyes
Decreased vision in one eye
Severe reddening of the eyes
Sudden marked distortion of vision
Any sort of injury to the eye